Immanuel Kant Plato Aristotle Friedrich Nietzsche Martin Heidegger Michel Foucault G. W. F. Hegel Karl Marx Ludwig Wittgenstein Edmund Husserl Thomas Aquinas David Hume Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida Sigmund Freud Saint Augustine Gottfried Leibniz Benedict Spinoza John Locke Jean-Paul Sartre Thomas Hobbes John Dewey Soren Kierkegaard Bertrand Russell Jean-Jacques Rousseau Maurice Merleau-Ponty Rene Descartes Emmanuel Levinas William James Hannah Arendt Jurgen Habermas John Stuart Mill Jacques Lacan Walter Benjamin Charles Sanders Peirce Hans-Georg Gadamer John B. Rawls Slavoj Zizek Paul Ricoeur Alfred North Whitehead Roland Barthes Karl Popper Johann Gottlieb Fichte Gottlob Frege Henri Bergson Ralph Waldo Emerson Theodor W. Adorno Niccolo Machiavelli Blaise Pascal Arthur Schopenhauer